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Veterinary science now emphasizes , such as:

Utilizing positive reinforcement to reshape the animal's response to stimuli. Low-Stress Handling in Clinical Practice www.zooskool.com

From a physiological standpoint, stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the release of cortisol and catecholamines. While acute stress is adaptive, chronic or severe stress in the clinical setting can lead to immunosuppression, delayed wound healing, and altered pharmacokinetics. Ethological understanding allows veterinarians to recognize "fear body language"—such as the "freeze" response in rabbits or "whale eye" in dogs—allowing for intervention before physiological distress compromises medical outcomes. Veterinary science now emphasizes , such as: Utilizing