: Search for "Hollow Rubber Springs for Progressive Rate Suspensions" or papers focusing on Nonlinear Regression Analysis of special rubbers to understand their service life.
: They are widely used as "bump stops" (Endanschläge) to absorb kinetic energy during maximum suspension travel, protecting more fragile components from impact. gummi-hohlfedern
Report compiled for engineering reference. Always consult manufacturer data sheets for exact spring characteristics. : Search for "Hollow Rubber Springs for Progressive